Phoenix username 已被人占用

2023-12-18 14:17 更新

如果你已完成上一章,你可能已经猜到,这章的规则要怎么写,不过在那之前,还是让我们先写个测试:

diff --git a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
index 4c174ab..47df0c7 100644
--- a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
+++ b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
@@ -20,4 +20,13 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.UserTest do
     attrs = %{@valid_attrs | username: ""}
     assert %{username: ["请填写"]} = errors_on(%User{}, attrs)
   end
+
+  test "username should be unique" do
+    # 在测试数据库中插入新用户
+    user_changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, @valid_attrs)
+    TvRecipe.Repo.insert! user_changeset
+
+    # 尝试插入同名用户,应报告错误
+    assert {:error, changeset} = TvRecipe.Repo.insert(User.changeset(%User{}, %{@valid_attrs | email: "chenxsan+1@gmail.com"}))
+  end
 end

此时运行 mix test test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs,我们的测试会全部通过。这是因为,我们在执行 mix phx.gen.html 命令时,指定了 uniqueusername 字段,这样生成的 User 结构里,我们已经有了唯一性的限定规则,如下所示:

def changeset(struct, params \\ %{}) do
  struct
  |> cast(params, [:username, :email, :password])
  |> validate_required([:username, :email, :password], message: "请填写")
  |> unique_constraint(:username)
  |> unique_constraint(:email)
end

但上面的测试里,我们只知道插入同名用户时,Phoenix 会返回错误,至于错误是什么,我们还没有检查。

我们来完善下我们上面的测试代码:

diff --git a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
index 47df0c7..9748671 100644
--- a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
+++ b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
@@ -28,5 +28,8 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.UserTest do

     # 尝试插入同名用户,应报告错误
     assert {:error, changeset} = TvRecipe.Repo.insert(user_changeset)
+
+    # 错误信息为“用户名已被人占用”
+    assert %{username: ["用户名已被人占用"]} = errors_on(changeset)
   end
 end

再次运行 mix test test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs 的结果是:

$ mix test test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
.

  1) test username should be unique (TvRecipe.UserTest)
     test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:24
     Assertion with in failed
     code:  %{username: ["用户名已被人占用"]} = errors_on(changeset)
     left:  %{username: ["用户名已被人占用"]}
     right: [username: "has already been taken"]
     stacktrace:
       test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:33: (test)

..

Finished in 0.1 seconds
4 tests, 1 failure

测试不通过。因为"用户名已被人占用"不等于 "has already been taken"。

这是当然,我们还未自定义用户名重复时的提示消息。

打开 lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex 文件,做如下修改:

diff --git a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
index 87ce321..88ad2af 100644
--- a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
+++ b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.User do
     struct
     |> cast(params, [:username, :email, :password])
     |> validate_required([:username, :email, :password], message: "请填写")
-    |> unique_constraint(:username)
+    |> unique_constraint(:username, message: "用户名已被人占用")
     |> unique_constraint(:email)
   end
 end

再跑一次测试,顺利通过。

结束这一章了?不不不,还有一点,我们或许遗漏了,就是用户名的大小写。

大小写敏感

我们先写个测试验证一下:

diff --git a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
index 9748671..44cb21b 100644
--- a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
+++ b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
@@ -32,4 +32,13 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.UserTest do
     # 错误信息为“用户名已被人占用”
     assert %{username: ["用户名已被人占用"]} = errors_on(changeset)
   end
+
+  test "username should be case insensitive" do
+    user_changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, @valid_attrs)
+    TvRecipe.Repo.insert! user_changeset
+
+    # 尝试插入大小写不一致的用户名,应报告错误
+    another_user_changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, %{@valid_attrs | username: "Chenxsan", email: "chenxsan+1@gmail.com"})
+    assert {:error, changeset} = TvRecipe.Repo.insert(another_user_changeset)
+  end
 end

运行测试的结果是:

$ mix test test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
warning: variable "changeset" is unused
  test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:42

...

  1) test username should be case insensitive (TvRecipe.UserTest)
     test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:36
     match (=) failed
     code:  {:error, changeset} = TvRecipe.Repo.insert(another_user_changeset)
     right: {:ok,
             %TvRecipe.User{__meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
              email: "chenxsan+1@gmail.com", id: 36,
              inserted_at: ~N[2017-01-24 11:57:43.741097],
              password: "some content",
              updated_at: ~N[2017-01-24 11:57:43.741109], username: "Chenxsan"}}
     stacktrace:
       test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:42: (test)

.

Finished in 0.1 seconds
5 tests, 1 failure

我们的判断错了。无论是 chenxsan 还是 Chenxsan 的用户名,我们都插入成功,这当然不是我们期望的结果。

我们来看看 unique_constraint 文档的一段说明

Unfortunately, different databases provide different guarantees when it comes to case-sensitiveness. For example, in MySQL, comparisons are case-insensitive by default. In Postgres, users can define case insensitive column by using the :citext type/extension.

不同数据库对大小写的处理不一样,比如 MySQL 是大小写不敏感的,而默认情况下,PostgreSQL 字段是大小写敏感的,不过我们可以使用 citext 扩展类型。

如果不用 citext,文档中仍有其它办法:

If for some reason your database does not support case insensitive columns, you can explicitly downcase values before inserting/updating them

根据提示,我们的 user.ex 代码可以做如下修改:

diff --git a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
index 88ad2af..fc07824 100644
--- a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
+++ b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.User do
     struct
     |> cast(params, [:username, :email, :password])
     |> validate_required([:username, :email, :password], message: "请填写")
+    |> update_change(:username, &String.downcase/1)
     |> unique_constraint(:username, message: "用户名已被人占用")
     |> unique_constraint(:email)
   end

再跑一次测试,测试通过。

可是,如果我一定要用 CHenxsan 这个用户名呢?String.downcase 的处理方式,导致我们只能使用小写的 chenxsan

我们还有个办法,只是比较复杂。

数据库迁移

在用户注册一章,我们用 mix phx.gen.html 生成了许多样板文件,其中有一条:

* creating priv/repo/migrations/20170123145857_create_user.exs

打开该文件,它的内容如下:

defmodule TvRecipe.Repo.Migrations.CreateUser do
  use Ecto.Migration

  def change do
    create table(:users) do
      add :username, :string
      add :email, :string
      add :password, :string

      timestamps()
    end
    create unique_index(:users, [:username])
    create unique_index(:users, [:email])

  end
end

正是 create unique_index(:users, [:username]) 一行,在数据库中限定了 username 的唯一性。

只是它没有处理大小写的问题。但我们能够处理处理,只要把它改成如下:

create unique_index(:users, ["lower(username)"])

那么要怎样去掉旧的 unique_index 而换上新的呢?

Ecto 提供了一个 mix ecto.gen.migration 功能用于这类转换。

在命令行下创建一个试试:

$ cd tv_recipe
$ mix ecto.gen.migration alter_user_username_index
* creating priv/repo/migrations
* creating priv/repo/migrations/20170124123616_alter_user_username_index.exs

打开新创建的 20170124123616_alter_user_username_index.exs 文件,做如下修改:

diff --git a/priv/repo/migrations/20170124123616_alter_user_username_index.exs b/priv/repo/migrations/20170124123616_alter_user_username_index.exs
index 5723a10..4060abf 100644
--- a/priv/repo/migrations/20170124123616_alter_user_username_index.exs
+++ b/priv/repo/migrations/20170124123616_alter_user_username_index.exs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.Repo.Migrations.AlterUserUsernameIndex do
   use Ecto.Migration

   def change do
+    drop index(:users, [:username]) # 移除旧索引
+    create unique_index(:users, ["lower(username)"]) # 增加新索引
   end
 end

然后在命令行中执行 mix ecto.migrate,把迁移文件的修改落实到数据库中:

$ mix ecto.migrate

20:39:44.900 [info]  == Running TvRecipe.Repo.Migrations.AlterUserUsernameIndex.change/0 forward

20:39:44.900 [info]  drop index users_username_index

20:39:44.930 [info]  create index users_lower_username_index

20:39:44.940 [info]  == Migrated in 0.0s

最后要记得将此前 user.ex 文件中 String.downcase 的修改撤销掉:

diff --git a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
index fc07824..88ad2af 100644
--- a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
+++ b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.User do
     struct
     |> cast(params, [:username, :email, :password])
     |> validate_required([:username, :email, :password], message: "请填写")
-    |> update_change(:username, &String.downcase/1)
     |> unique_constraint(:username, message: "用户名已被人占用")
     |> unique_constraint(:email)
   end

再运行测试看看:

mix test test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
warning: variable "changeset" is unused
  test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:42

.

  1) test username should be case insensitive (TvRecipe.UserTest)
     test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:36
     ** (Ecto.ConstraintError) constraint error when attempting to insert struct:

         * unique: users_lower_username_index

     If you would like to convert this constraint into an error, please
     call unique_constraint/3 in your changeset and define the proper
     constraint name. The changeset defined the following constraints:

         * unique: users_email_index
         * unique: users_username_index

     stacktrace:
       (ecto) lib/ecto/repo/schema.ex:493: anonymous fn/4 in Ecto.Repo.Schema.constraints_to_errors/3
       (elixir) lib/enum.ex:1229: Enum."-map/2-lists^map/1-0-"/2
       (ecto) lib/ecto/repo/schema.ex:479: Ecto.Repo.Schema.constraints_to_errors/3
       (ecto) lib/ecto/repo/schema.ex:213: anonymous fn/13 in Ecto.Repo.Schema.do_insert/4
       test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:42: (test)

.

  2) test username should be unique (TvRecipe.UserTest)
     test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:24
     ** (Ecto.ConstraintError) constraint error when attempting to insert struct:

         * unique: users_lower_username_index

     If you would like to convert this constraint into an error, please
     call unique_constraint/3 in your changeset and define the proper
     constraint name. The changeset defined the following constraints:

         * unique: users_email_index
         * unique: users_username_index

     stacktrace:
       (ecto) lib/ecto/repo/schema.ex:493: anonymous fn/4 in Ecto.Repo.Schema.constraints_to_errors/3
       (elixir) lib/enum.ex:1229: Enum."-map/2-lists^map/1-0-"/2
       (ecto) lib/ecto/repo/schema.ex:479: Ecto.Repo.Schema.constraints_to_errors/3
       (ecto) lib/ecto/repo/schema.ex:213: anonymous fn/13 in Ecto.Repo.Schema.do_insert/4
       test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:30: (test)

.

Finished in 0.1 seconds
5 tests, 2 failures

情况变得更糟糕了,报告了 2 个错误。这是因为索引名称已经改变,而我们的代码还在使用默认的旧索引名。我们需要在 unique_constraint 里明确指出索引名称:

diff --git a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
index 88ad2af..08e4054 100644
--- a/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
+++ b/lib/tv_recipe/users/user.ex
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.User do
     struct
     |> cast(params, [:username, :email, :password])
     |> validate_required([:username, :email, :password], message: "请填写")
-    |> unique_constraint(:username, message: "用户名已被人占用")
+    |> unique_constraint(:username, name: :users_lower_username_index, message: "用户名已被人占用")
     |> unique_constraint(:email)
   end
 end

再跑一遍测试:

$ mix test test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
warning: variable "changeset" is unused
  test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs:42

.....

Finished in 0.1 seconds
5 tests, 0 failures

悉数通过。

但眼尖的你可能已经注意到,我们的测试报告里有一条:

warning: variable "changeset" is unused

在 Elixir 下,如果有定义的变量未曾使用到,编译时就会出现警告。

上面这条警告对应的是测试代码中的这一行:

assert {:error, changeset} = TvRecipe.Repo.insert(another_user_changeset)

我们只断定了插入数据库失败,还没有检查 changeset 里的错误。

让我们完善下测试:

diff --git a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
index 9451c2d..975c7b1 100644
--- a/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
+++ b/test/tv_recipe/users_test.exs
@@ -40,5 +40,6 @@ defmodule TvRecipe.UserTest do
     # 尝试插入大小写不一致的用户名,应报告错误
     another_user_changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, %{@valid_attrs | username: "Chenxsan", email: "chenxsan+1@gmail.com"})
     assert {:error, changeset} = TvRecipe.Repo.insert(another_user_changeset)
+    assert %{username: ["用户名已被人占用"]} = errors_on(changeset)
   end
 end

再次运行测试,悉数通过。

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