Ecto.Type

Ecto.Type behaviour

Defines functions and the Ecto.Type behaviour for implementing custom types.

A custom type expects 4 functions to be implemented, all documented and described below. We also provide two examples of how custom types can be used in Ecto to augment existing types or providing your own types.

Example

Imagine you want to support your id field to be looked up as a permalink. For example, you want the following query to work:

permalink = "10-how-to-be-productive-with-elixir"
from p in Post, where: p.id == ^permalink

If id is an integer field, Ecto will fail in the query above because it cannot cast the string to an integer. By using a custom type, we can provide special casting behaviour while still keeping the underlying Ecto type the same:

defmodule Permalink do
  @behaviour Ecto.Type
  def type, do: :integer

  # Provide our own casting rules.
  def cast(string) when is_binary(string) do
    case Integer.parse(string) do
      {int, _} -> {:ok, int}
      :error   -> :error
    end
  end

  # We should still accept integers
  def cast(integer) when is_integer(integer), do: {:ok, integer}

  # Everything else is a failure though
  def cast(_), do: :error

  # When loading data from the database, we are guaranteed to
  # receive an integer (as databases are strict) and we will
  # just return it to be stored in the schema struct.
  def load(integer) when is_integer(integer), do: {:ok, integer}

  # When dumping data to the database, we *expect* an integer
  # but any value could be inserted into the struct, so we need
  # guard against them.
  def dump(integer) when is_integer(integer), do: {:ok, integer}
  def dump(_), do: :error
end

Now we can use our new field above as our primary key type in schemas:

defmodule Post do
  use Ecto.Schema

  @primary_key {:id, Permalink, autogenerate: true}
  schema "posts" do
    ...
  end
end

Summary

Types

custom(): Custom types are represented by user-defined modules
primitive(): Primitive Ecto types (handled by Ecto)
t(): An Ecto type, primitive or custom

Functions

base?(atom): Checks if the given atom can be used as base type
cast(type, value): Casts a value to the given type
composite?(atom): Checks if the given atom can be used as composite type
dump(type, value, dumper \\ &dump/2): Dumps a value to the given type
load(type, value, loader \\ &load/2): Loads a value with the given type
match?(schema_type, query_type): Checks if a given type matches with a primitive type that can be found in queries
primitive?(base): Checks if we have a primitive type
type(type): Retrieves the underlying schema type for the given, possibly custom, type

Callbacks

cast(term): Casts the given input to the custom type
dump(term): Dumps the given term into an Ecto native type
load(term): Loads the given term into a custom type
type(): Returns the underlying schema type for the custom type

Types

custom()

custom() :: atom

Custom types are represented by user-defined modules.

primitive()

primitive() :: base | composite

Primitive Ecto types (handled by Ecto).

t()

t() :: primitive | custom

An Ecto type, primitive or custom.

Functions

base?(atom)

base?(atom) :: boolean

Checks if the given atom can be used as base type.

iex> base?(:string)
true
iex> base?(:array)
false
iex> base?(Custom)
false

cast(type, value)

cast(t, term) :: {:ok, term} | :error

Casts a value to the given type.

cast/2 is used by the finder queries and changesets to cast outside values to specific types.

Note that nil can be cast to all primitive types as data stores allow nil to be set on any column.

iex> cast(:any, "whatever")
{:ok, "whatever"}

iex> cast(:any, nil)
{:ok, nil}
iex> cast(:string, nil)
{:ok, nil}

iex> cast(:integer, 1)
{:ok, 1}
iex> cast(:integer, "1")
{:ok, 1}
iex> cast(:integer, "1.0")
:error

iex> cast(:id, 1)
{:ok, 1}
iex> cast(:id, "1")
{:ok, 1}
iex> cast(:id, "1.0")
:error

iex> cast(:float, 1.0)
{:ok, 1.0}
iex> cast(:float, 1)
{:ok, 1.0}
iex> cast(:float, "1")
{:ok, 1.0}
iex> cast(:float, "1.0")
{:ok, 1.0}
iex> cast(:float, "1-foo")
:error

iex> cast(:boolean, true)
{:ok, true}
iex> cast(:boolean, false)
{:ok, false}
iex> cast(:boolean, "1")
{:ok, true}
iex> cast(:boolean, "0")
{:ok, false}
iex> cast(:boolean, "whatever")
:error

iex> cast(:string, "beef")
{:ok, "beef"}
iex> cast(:binary, "beef")
{:ok, "beef"}

iex> cast(:decimal, Decimal.new(1.0))
{:ok, Decimal.new(1.0)}
iex> cast(:decimal, Decimal.new("1.0"))
{:ok, Decimal.new(1.0)}

iex> cast({:array, :integer}, [1, 2, 3])
{:ok, [1, 2, 3]}
iex> cast({:array, :integer}, ["1", "2", "3"])
{:ok, [1, 2, 3]}
iex> cast({:array, :string}, [1, 2, 3])
:error
iex> cast(:string, [1, 2, 3])
:error

composite?(atom)

composite?(atom) :: boolean

Checks if the given atom can be used as composite type.

iex> composite?(:array)
true
iex> composite?(:string)
false

dump(type, value, dumper \\ &dump/2)

dump(t, term, (t, term -> {:ok, term} | :error)) ::
  {:ok, term} |
  :error

Dumps a value to the given type.

Opposite to casting, dumping requires the returned value to be a valid Ecto type, as it will be sent to the underlying data store.

iex> dump(:string, nil)
{:ok, nil}
iex> dump(:string, "foo")
{:ok, "foo"}

iex> dump(:integer, 1)
{:ok, 1}
iex> dump(:integer, "10")
:error

iex> dump(:binary, "foo")
{:ok, "foo"}
iex> dump(:binary, 1)
:error

iex> dump({:array, :integer}, [1, 2, 3])
{:ok, [1, 2, 3]}
iex> dump({:array, :integer}, [1, "2", 3])
:error
iex> dump({:array, :binary}, ["1", "2", "3"])
{:ok, ["1", "2", "3"]}

A dumper function may be given for handling recursive types.

load(type, value, loader \\ &load/2)

load(t, term, (t, term -> {:ok, term} | :error)) ::
  {:ok, term} |
  :error

Loads a value with the given type.

iex> load(:string, nil)
{:ok, nil}
iex> load(:string, "foo")
{:ok, "foo"}

iex> load(:integer, 1)
{:ok, 1}
iex> load(:integer, "10")
:error

A loader function may be given for handling recursive types.

match?(schema_type, query_type)

match?(t, primitive) :: boolean

Checks if a given type matches with a primitive type that can be found in queries.

iex> match?(:string, :any)
true
iex> match?(:any, :string)
true
iex> match?(:string, :string)
true

iex> match?({:array, :string}, {:array, :any})
true

iex> match?(Ecto.UUID, :uuid)
true
iex> match?(Ecto.UUID, :string)
false

primitive?(base)

primitive?(t) :: boolean

Checks if we have a primitive type.

iex> primitive?(:string)
true
iex> primitive?(Another)
false

iex> primitive?({:array, :string})
true
iex> primitive?({:array, Another})
true

type(type)

type(t) :: t

Retrieves the underlying schema type for the given, possibly custom, type.

iex> type(:string)
:string
iex> type(Ecto.UUID)
:uuid

iex> type({:array, :string})
{:array, :string}
iex> type({:array, Ecto.UUID})
{:array, :uuid}

iex> type({:map, Ecto.UUID})
{:map, :uuid}

Callbacks

cast(term)

cast(term) :: {:ok, term} | :error

Casts the given input to the custom type.

This callback is called on external input and can return any type, as long as the dump/1 function is able to convert the returned value back into an Ecto native type. There are two situations where this callback is called:

When casting values by Ecto.Changeset
When passing arguments to Ecto.Query

dump(term)

dump(term) :: {:ok, term} | :error

Dumps the given term into an Ecto native type.

This callback is called with any term that was stored in the struct and it needs to validate them and convert it to an Ecto native type.

load(term)

load(term) :: {:ok, term} | :error

Loads the given term into a custom type.

This callback is called when loading data from the database and receive an Ecto native type. It can return any type, as long as the dump/1 function is able to convert the returned value back into an Ecto native type.

type()

type() :: t

Returns the underlying schema type for the custom type.

For example, if you want to provide your own date structures, the type function should return :date.

Note this function is not required to return Ecto primitive types, the type is only required to be known by the adapter.